ML Border 2A (Concealed Fastening) Installation and Operation. Ideal applications of the three different VAV diffuser technologies: thermal, digital (wired) and wireless ambient light powered will. Fan Filter Units. Critical Environment Filters. FEATURES AND BENEFITS. FFD - Standard construction, PSC motor, HEPA filter, 2ft x 2ft, 4ft x 2ft sizes. N-1-DR. Performance - R-OMNI Performance Data. Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. The 4-way air pattern. The DVBC is a rectangular displacement diffuser with a curved face for wall mount applications. High efficiency filters for use in Titus Critical Environment Diffusers. High efficiency filters for use in Titus Critical Environment Diffusers. Catalog - TVM Dimensions. Titus FlowBar architectural linear diffuser system maximizes engineering performance without sacrificing aesthetic considerations for the designer. Brochures; Flyers; Certificates; Event Gallery. Performance - PAR / PDR Flow Factors. Titus offers a wide variety of liners suitable to meet any application requirement. ML The Titus ML Modulinear diffuser is a high performance, high quality linear slot diffuser. For more information about other innovative Titus systems, products, and services, visit call 972-212-4800, or. Literature - DVVC Flyer. Green Building Benefits & Energy Efficiency. 85) 1 Review. This diffuser is designed to maintain coanda effect (draft free) of discharge air along the ceiling, providing a sustained discharge velocity throughout the volume range. Plenum slot, 3/4" slot, fixed blade. Toll Free (Malaysia): +1800-81-8143. Duct Sizes 6"-14". Linear Bar Diffuser for Underfloor Applications For Titus Grilles, Registers and Diffuser inquiries (972) 212-4800. W Series HEPA Filtration Group. Diffusers Catalog Section ; Displacement Ventilation Catalog Section ; Engineering Guidelines - Grilles and Diffusers ; Fire Rated Catalog Section ; FlowBar Catalog Section ; GRD Accessories Catalog Section ; Plenum Slot Diffusers Catalog Section ; Security Products Catalog Section ; Specialized Grilles Catalog SectionVAV Diffuser. It automatically delivers just the right amount of warm or cool air using a unique digital logic system for more accurate temperate bands. $583. These ceiling mounted diffusers maintain a uniform, horizontal discharge pattern over widely varying flow rates. INTRODUCING PRICE’S NEW THERMALLY POWERED VAV DIFFUSER… THE PRICE VARITHERM® OFFERS: THERMALLY POWERED VAV. The TJD provides performance, comfort and aesthetics with its steel plaque face that provides an architectural appearance. Chilled Beams are designed to provide energy savings, excellent comfort and operate with minimal noise. May 2007 - Oct 20114 years 6 months. Page 1 T3SQ-4-IOM-3. Wireless Controls Sontay. Constructed of galvanized steel and aluminum, the DVIR supplies a large volume of air at low velocities into the occupied zone. , offering a complete line of air distribution and air terminal products. All pressures are in inches of water. Steel louvered face diffuser with induction vanes. Air Nozzles. VAV Diffuser; CAV; Projects ; Downloads. GeoFlow supply diffuser, 1" slot, uninsulated, integral center panel, snap-on plenumCatalog - 50F / 50F-NT / 50R Description. Titus has consistently led the industry by breaking the barriers of expectation and convention when it comes to technology. Toll Free (Japan): 0066-33-814069. 3. CSR. 2. TLFR-AA-LED - Filtered laminar flow diffuser, integrated LED lighting, aluminum. For more information about other innovative Titus systems, products, and services, visit call 972-212-4800, or speak to your local Titus representative. T3SQ-2. ML-38 - Aluminum modulinear slot supply diffuser, 3/4" slot. The T3SQ. Titus Timeout Podcast - VAV Diffusers T3SQ Series - YouTube 0:00 / 3:54 Titus Timeout Podcast - VAV Diffusers T3SQ Series TitusHVAC 18K subscribers 2K views 4 years. 33RS - Steel heavy duty return grille, 1/2" blade spacing, 38 degree deflection, blades parallel to short dimension. Square & Rectangular Ceiling Diffuser: Titus square and rectangular louvered diffusers have a flush face that provides an architecturally pleasing appearance when mounted in the ceiling. OMNI Smoke Test2: 3-way pattern (100cfm) Spectrum Smoke Test - Underneath View. 5" slot Flowbar with factory mounted insulated plenum. Critical Room Products. Steel louvered face diffuser. Toll Free (Australia): 800-6006-6007. Single Duct terminals are the fundamental building blocks for Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems. More Details. The Titus product range includes: DESV VAV units, Flow Bar and Linear Bar Grilles, as well as TMC/ TDCs diffusers. Standard fiberglass insulation is the most commonly used, but some applications do not allow fiberglass in the airstream. The Titus ML Modulinear diffuser is a high performance, high quality linear slot diffuser. Titus brings both accuracy and flexibility to the variable air volume (VAV) market with T3SQ VAV diffusers. Solar-Powered Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. The vav's i run into most are fan powered and in both series and parallel configurations. A cost effective and simple system for creating comfortable indoor spaces. rolastar –leadership in ducting. VAV Diffusers; Accessories; LGO Fan Coils; FTW Fan Coils; Blower Coils. This diffuser was designed to be an accurate representation of all sizes of this type shown in the 2004 Titus catalog. This model can contribute toward achieving LEED EA Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance. This diffuser is also available in 1 through 8-slot configurations. TMR-AA - Aluminum round ceiling diffuser. Titus Series PCS ceiling diffusers are designed for longer throws. Offers the performance of the modular core diffuser for variable air volume applications. Discharge patterns can be adjusted from either horizontal to vertical before or after installation. Model. 1. technical@titus-hvac. It handles a significant amount of air and performs well in VAV systems. Variable Air Volume Linear. The Titus ML Modulinear is a high performance, high quality linear slot diffuser. SHR/5SHR - Lay-in and Surface Mount Louvered Face Diffuser; VPQ - VAV Diffuser; Grilles (Included in Download) 1500/1600 - Linear Bar Supply Grilles; 80/580/480/980 - Single Deflection Supply Grilles; 880/5880/4880/9880 - Double Deflection Supply Grilles; DMGSR/DMGDR - Duct Mounted Supply Grilles;Aluminum modulinear slot return diffuser, 1/2" slot for narrow tee MLR linear return diffusers are used as matching returns for the ML supply diffuser series. 5" Slot; FL-20 - Architectural Linear Diffuser, Aluminum, 2" Slot; FL-25 - Architectural Linear Diffuser, Aluminum, 2. Digital Single Duct Terminal. 25” 4. The core design produces a low velocity helical "swirl" discharge air pattern. Chilled Beams. Dual density fiberglass liners, 1/2 and 1 inch thickness. FFD - Standard construction, PSC motor, HEPA filter, 2ft x 2ft, 4ft x 2ft sizes. The MLT is a supply diffuser and plenum, available in 24 and 48 inch nominal lengths and 1 through 4 slots. Semi-Circular Displacement Diffuser with 180 Degree Air Discharge Pattern. Square Digital VAV Diffuser (PPD) Overview. All deflection bars are fixed and parallel to the long dimension. Submittals - PDR Standard Submittal. T3SW. Their pleasing appearance harmonizes with various architectural details, especially in modular ceiling systems. Titus return perforated ceiling diffusers have the same face and border construction as the supply models, for harmonious appearance in the room. 6 What does RP-1455 Cover? Variable Air Volume Systems • Various configurations and options VAV Terminal Units: • VAV, cooling-only or reheat • Dual-duct, with inlet or discharge sensors • Series fan-powered, constant speed fan • Parallel fan-powered, constant or variable speed fan VAV AHUs: • Single or dual duct • Return or. Variable Air Volume Linear Diffusers. T3SW. Grilles & Registers: Single & Double Deflection, Eggcrate. OMNI-GLADIUS - OMNI Diffuser Designed to fit CertainTeed Gladius Ceilings. For Titus technical, product or information before and after your purchase (972) 212-4800. GFBI-10 - GeoFlow supply diffuser, 1" slot, insulated, integral center panel, snap-on plenum; GFR-10 - GeoFlow 1" perforated return; FL-TZ - Architectural Slot Diffuser for TechZone Systems; CTRA-FF - CTRA-FF is a Return Diffuser with Filter Rack for Border 22 Applications; FT-10 - FlowTee diffuser, 1" slot, Flowbar with uninsulated factory. VAV Diffusers | an airflow proving switch. Steel perforated neck-mounted curved blade deflectors. Class Schedule;. imperial dimensions are converted to metric and rounded to the nearest millimeter. Venturi Valves. #8 X 1¼” lg. T3SQ-4. Thermal Variable Air Volume Diffuser. The master diffuser has a factory mounted controller, heat/cool changeover sensor and 24. Blower Coils. Elastomeric Isolators VIMCO. The program saves selected products to a schedule which can be exported in . R-OMNI - Round Steel Adjustable Plaque Diffuser. PESV - Pneumatic Single Duct Terminal. The variable opening created by the built-in damper produces a near-constant discharge velocity from full open down to minimum. The diffuser includes an actuator, linkage, plate damper, and diffuser. VAV Diffusers; Accessories; LGO Fan Coils;. TDCA-AA. Panels match Models PAS, PDS, and PAS-AA supply diffusers in appearance after installation. The new T3SW – Variable Air Volume (VAV) Sidewall Diffusers offer an ideal solution where individual comfort is desired and mounting in the ceiling is not an option. Delivering supply air to the diffuser with a temperature at or above 82º F (28º C) in heating mode. TAF-L-R. Electric Heaters. TMR-AA - Aluminum round ceiling diffuser. N-1-D. T3LN. The Designing HVAC Systems with VAV Diffusers Webinar was held on June 23-24, 2020. Whole-House UV Light & Activated Carbon Air Purifiers Fresh-Aire UV. Titus brings both accuracy and flexibility to the variable air volume (VAV) market with T3SQ VAV diffusers. Reviews & Questions. 1. Model. The TEAMS installation includes all of the Titus air distribution selection software suite of products: The Titus Revit models have been optimized to show all the basic information that the engineer needs without weighing down the model. 05” and 0. When used with dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) and a dedicated Chilled Beam chiller, chilled beam systems can realize energy savings of 15-20%. Thermostat Adjustment VAV Cooling, VAV Heating - Connecting a wall mounted T’stat activates the Prodigy. Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. TMSA-FR - Fire Rated Steel Adjustable High Performance Square Diffuser. Optional 316 Stainless Steel available. Occupants breathe easier knowing that their. Non-vav supply/return diffuser. Revit and related 3rd party applications. The Price Varitherm® is an excellent choice for local VAV applications such as offices, boardrooms, and small zones. technical@titus-hvac. VAV Diffuser + Ruskin. support@titus. T3SQ Performance Data ; Revit. FEATURES AND BENEFITS. com. Included in the range are FSD (Fire Smoke Dampers) and SD (Smoke Dampers). Titus’ 300/350 Series supply grilles define the standard for the industry. Air Flow is in cubic feet per minute, CFM. It is great for wall or surface mount applications and can be easily integrated into semi-circular building columns. General. 7. This is the MOPulator Page. FFD. The VPQ architectural VAV ceiling diffuser provides the building designer with the desired appearance and superior performance of a uniform 360° radial horizontal discharge air pattern that delivers even air throughout the space. Text FileTitus return perforated ceiling diffusers have the same face and border construction as the supply models, for harmonious appearance in the room. Electric Heaters Markel. Perforated face provides the architectural advantage of blending the diffuser into the ceiling system. The plenums are available in nominal oval inlet sizes of 6 thought 12 inches. Semi-Circular Displacement Diffuser with 180 Degree Air Discharge Pattern. Non-vav supply/return diffuser. Titus University. Titus Timeout - VAV Diffusers T3SQ Series ; Performance. The thermal T SQ is shipped with additional packaging to protect the actuator assembly. The TDCA-FR is a louvered face diffuser that harmonizes with different types of architectural ceilings. ECM motor / HEPA Filter. Literature - TVM Flyer. Text File. Revit - Models - 50F (1,3,7,8,NT) Round and Rectangular Inlets. Model. Model. Discharge patterns can be adjusted from either horizontal to vertical before or after installation. Terminal Units. Spec Text Files - PDR Spec. Steel Square, 'Swirl' Face Diffuser. Blanks “---” indicate an NC level below 15. ECM motor / HEPA Filter. FlowBar’s outstanding performance allows higher airflows than conventional linear diffusers. CBD2-RG. T3SQ-0 - Non-vav supply/return diffuser. Model. From standard grilles and registers, to its architectural line of Formations® linear slot diffusers, along with a newly released series of displacement diffusers, METALAIRE has the air devices to meet every need. Titus has consistently led the industry by breaking the barriers of expectation and convention when it comes to technology. ModuFlow diffusers are designed to complement the. The T3SQ combines the functions of a VAV terminal and a high performance diffuser in one. Air Curtain. Solar-Powered Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. Zip code search is only for US locations, for international provinces please select the country from the list. Ideal applications of the three different VAV diffuser technologies: thermal, digital (wired) and wireless ambient light powered will. VMA Metasys Multi-Protocol Controller. CT-481 - Aluminum Linear Bar Grille, 1/8" Bars, 1/4" Spacing, 15 Degree Deflection. T3SQ-2; T3SQ-4; CAV;. Includes non-reheat, hydronic and. Critical Room Products. Helios by Titus 1080 HD. Directed and coordinated all marketing and product development activities for the Terminal Units, Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD), & VAV. The unique “ice tong” deflector blades allow both changes in air volume and direction from the face of the diffuser. Combines the functions of a VAV terminal and a high performance diffuser in one. 25” 4. Plenum Slot Diffusers. They are guided in this work by their commitment to building on opportunities that significantly improve the health, efficiency, comfort and aesthetics of the environments in which their products are. Catalog - TND-AA Dimensions. VAV MODULATING Ceiling Diffuser Disc Damper. Description: Thermal VAV Diffuser (steel) - Lay-In mounted (24" x 24" panel) @ 12" diameter. FFD. or send us a message. Wireless Controls Sontay. Electric Heaters Markel. Spec Text Files - 50F Spec. Inlet electric heaters shall be controlled proportionally by means of triac heater controllers (SCR), each having an electronic wiring interface having three RJ-45 and 2 RJ-12 sockets for easy interfacing with master controller/thermostat and/or. FFDE. CD-309. V-1 - Steel vortex diffuser. I invite you to learn more about us, what we do and what we can do for you. These diffusers can be used for ceiling, side wall, or sill installations. The ESV-VP valve package is assembled in a manufacturing setting giving you repeatable and reliable. 40 $199 Add to Bag. Helios is powered by both ambient light and direct sunlight. We are guided in this work by our commitment to building on opportunities that significantly improve the health, efficiency, comfort and aesthetics of the environments in which our products are used. TDCA-FR - Fire Rated TDCA Diffuser. 2. For these applications, Titus offers Fibre Free closed cell foam insulation. TDCA-AA. VIEW Accessories. The Titus MLTR return diffuser is specifically designed for standard and narrow tee lay-in applications. FFDE. Their pleasing appearance harmonizes with various architectural details, especially in modular ceiling systems. AG-75. 1. We invest relentlessly in product development, in both differentiated niche products and standard commodity products. These versatile diffusers are available in 1, 2, 3 or 4-way fixed directional patterns which provide a long throw, star. 5500 for Availability. Analog VAV Diffuser Furnish and install Titus model T 3SQ-1 analog VAV diffusers with heating / cooling changeover. Description: Thermal VAV Diffuser (steel) - Lay-In mounted (24" x 24" panel) @ 12" diameter Contact Us ©Sun Nov 12 04:51:27 EST 2023 Titus Stock by Faulkner Haynes. Optional 316 Stainless Steel available. The Helios VAV Diffuser is a revolutionary leap forward in air distribution technology. For Fan Coil, CB and DV inquiries (972) 212-4800. T3SQ-0 Matching Non-VAV Diffuser Metric Submittal ; T3SQ-0 Matching Non-VAV. Security Grilles. TMS - Steel, high performance three cone diffuser. Delivering supply air to the diffuser with a temperature at or above 82º F (28º C) in heating mode. Single Duct Terminal Unit with Factory Mounted Valve Package. Description: The seminar will cover a comparison between traditional VAV and VAV diffusers, ductwork design, zone heating strategies and how VAV diffusers can be integrated into a Building Management System. Fire Rated Diffusers. The Nailor UNI VAV diffuser enables the control of airflow into a room with a connected thermostat. Related Credits; LEED Application Guide; LEED Letter; SoftwareHELIOS - Solar-Powered Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. Discharge patterns can be adjusted from either horizontal to vertical before or after installation. TMR - Steel, round diffuser with two discharge patterns. Move. Steel Duct-Mounted Opposed Blade DamperModuFlow Supply 24 x 24 Diffusers, Uninsulated The Titus ModuFlow series diffuser is an excellent choice for interior spaces requiring a visually pleasing single slot, high performance diffuser. Several different types of VAV diffusers exist, however most can be grouped into two models: Thermally Powered and Electronically Powered. Air Flow is in cubic feet per minute, CFM. ruskin amca fire & smoke dampers. The built-in thermostat senses average room air temperature from a sample of air induced into the unit. High efficiency filters for use in Titus Critical Environment Diffusers. T3SW. Air Nozzles. Model. Performance Notes: 1. Tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 70-2006 (RA2011) “Method of Testing for Rating the Performance of Air Outlets and Inlets” 2. The DV180 can supply a large volume of air at low velocity. This controller has been tested and listed by the BACnet Testing Laboratories (BTL) under the B-ASC device profile, ensuring that it conforms to the BACnet standard and is interoperable with other BACnet devices, systems, and applications. Model; 250-AA - Aluminum curved blade ceiling and side wall diffuserThis weeks podcast discusses the T3SQ Series diffuserFor additional support requests, you can contact us by phone or email: +1 613-820-5111. titus, solutions for ufad. PAR - Steel perforated return diffuser. Toll Free (NA & EMEA): +866-530-5111. HELIOS. OMNI-RS - Steel Square Plaque, Round Panel Diffuser. CAD Drawings - 2D; Mobile Tools; Coil Pro Software; Literature. The Titus Revit models have been optimized to show all the basic information that the engineer needs without weighing down the model. Industrial Grilles. The T3SQ combines the functions of a VAV terminal and a high. TBDI-80 - Adjustable, gasket-tipped blade plenum slot diffuser; TRM-S - Steel Rapid Mount Frame / Plaster Frame; TRM-S - Steel Rapid Mount Frame / Plaster Frame; TLFR - Laminar flow diffuser, stainless steel or aluminum; TBD-10-NT - High capacity plenum slot diffuser, uninsulated, adjustable blade for narrow tee ceilings; CBPR - Recessed. trion trusted name in kitchen exhaust solutions. ML-38-NT - Aluminum modulinear slot supply diffuser, 3/4" slot for narrow tee. With user friendly software to control and commission diffusers, the Digital T3SQ is the next level of VAV diffusers on the market. Physically strong, Tomkins PLC is a global industrial manufacturing company with broad base of products markets and geographic operations worldwide. Page 1 T3SQ-4-IOM-3. FFD. TAF-HC Smoke Test. Inlet Size: Left Hand: Right Hand: 4 inch 5 inch 6 inch 7 inch 8 inch 9 inch 10 inch 12 inch 14 inch 16 inch. The DV180 is a semi-circular displacement diffuser with a 180 degree air discharge pattern. Creek body: 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”. Square & Rectangular Ceiling Diffuser: Titus square and rectangular louvered diffusers have a flush face that provides an architecturally pleasing appearance when mounted in the ceiling. PAR-AA - Perforated return diffuser, aluminum face with steel backpan. Contact Us ©Sun Nov 12 04:51:27 EST 2023 Titus Stock by Faulkner Haynes — Powered by triMobile. The OMNI-RS diffuser is designed for an architectural look and engineered performance. This weeks podcast discusses the T3SQ Series diffuser For additional support requests, you can contact us by phone or email: +1 613-820-5111. Thermal Variable Air Volume Diffuser. Toll Free (Japan): 0066-33-814069. All pressures are in inches of water. Terminal Units. SteriTec-AL. The unique “ice tong” deflector blades allow both changes in air volume and direction from the face of the diffuser. The wide array of slot widths allow for more CFM per. The unique round plaque face/square panel combination delivers a 360º tight horizontal air pattern without excessive noise or pressure drop. Contact Us. Contact Us. Retrofit. The UNI2-VAV is a variable volume diffuser that regulates the amount of supply air into the space. Color Chart. The Nailor UNI VAV diffuser enables the control of airflow into a room with a connected thermostat. Titus Series PCS ceiling diffusers are designed for longer throws. The CT-TAF is designed to be integrated with the TAF-HC, TAF-V, and TAF-D plenums. 300FL - Aluminum double deflection supply grille, 3/4" blade spacing, front blades parallel to long dimension. K-Select (Air Distribution Products)Aluminum modulinear slot supply diffuser, 3/4" slot. There is a careful balance between providing information and making the file size so large that it hampers performance of the software. Titus brings both accuracy and flexibility to the variable air volume (VAV) market with T3SQ VAV diffusers. Presented by Nick Searle, this webinar focused on basic concepts and system benefits of VAV diffusers being used in HVAC systems. Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. T3SQ-2. The TDCA-FR is a louvered face diffuser that harmonizes with different types of architectural ceilings. The associated thermostat is in the space and is. GeoFlow supply diffuser, 1" slot, uninsulated, integral center panel, snap-on plenumabsorption of 10 dB re 10-12 Watts one diffuser. PSS-AA - Aluminum face, steel backpan perforated supply diffuser with star pattern deflector. A VAV diffuser provides modulating control and will vary the volume of supply air into the room and control the temperature to the set point. Save on Holiday Exclusives. Accessories. Submittals - DVVC Standard Submittal. SKU: 65245326. Digital Variable Air Volume Diffuser. Venturi Valves. At Titus our goal is very clear: to help the people who depend upon us by continuing to innovate and advance the science of air distribution. Fire Dampers. LL-2 - Aluminum linear louver diffuser, two way pattern. The MLR is identical in appearance to the ML with the exception of pattern controllers. The new T3SW – Variable Air Volume (VAV) Sidewall Diffusers offer an ideal solution where individual comfort is desired and mounting in the ceiling is not an option. 212. PEDC. HVAC podcasts created to assist with learning and understanding of air distribution topics. FFD - Standard construction, PSC motor, HEPA filter, 2ft x 2ft, 4ft x 2ft sizes. Our customers have learned to count on a constant and ever-increasing stream of product enhancements as. Aluminum louvered face diffuser, adjustable. High efficiency filters for use in Titus Critical Environment Diffusers. T3SQ-2; T3SQ-4; CAV; Drum Louvers: For larger buildings and applications, an industrial strength air outlet is needed to provide the necessary air distribution. Fully dynamic family of Titus TDC diffuser. Dampers Volume Control Dampers. PMC-DF - Steel perforated modular core diffuser for drop face ceilings. Critical Environment Diffusers. Titus’ 300/350 Series supply grilles define the standard for the industry. Diffusers. Can be adjusted for a one-, two-, three- or four-way discharge pattern after it has been installed. T3SQ-4. GeoFlow supply diffuser, 1" slot, uninsulated, integral center panel, snap-on plenumHigh efficiency filters for use in Titus Critical Environment Diffusers. Redefine your comfort zone. NOTE When using the Room Sensor or Dial Thermostat order a LCD-SET (minimum of one per project) to configure the diffuser. Uses IF statements to automatically size VAV body and duct connectors based on downstream CFM from air terminals. Linear Diffusers & Linear Grilles: Straight & Curved. Ducting Accessories VIMCO. Circular Diffuser; Reversible Turbo Fuser; Exhaust Valve; More Titus Diffusers; Diffuser : Square Diffuser: MODU Slot Diffuser: Spot Diffuser : Round Diffuser: Eye Ball Jet Nozzle: Helical Diffuser : Nozzle Turbo Fuser: Reversible Turbo Fuser: Exhaust. At Titus our goal is very clear: to help the people who depend upon us by continuing to innovate and advance the science of air distribution. Model. FSD-35. 5" Slot; © Copyright 2023 Titus | term of use | Privacy policy | 605 Shiloh Rd | Plano TX 75074 | P: 972. D-100 dampers have gang operated radial blades. Several different types of VAV diffusers exist, however most can be grouped into two models: Thermally Powered and Electronically Powered. The unique “ice tong” deflector blades allow both changes in air volume and direction from the face of the diffuser. T3SQ Spec. This leads to optimal working conditions while saving on energy costs.